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Research Article
Soil Enzyme Responses and Crop Productivity Indices Assessment in Agricultural Soil Impacted with Heavy Metals
Uchenna Fredrick Anikwe,
Godwin Ikechukwu Ameh,
Cyril Onyekachi Edeoga,
Emeka Henry Oparaji*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, December 2024
Pages:
34-44
Received:
29 March 2024
Accepted:
20 May 2024
Published:
29 September 2024
Abstract: The present study assessed the productivity of cultivated garden vegetable among other ecological assessments in soil samples impacted with heavy metals. Assay of soil enzyme responses showed the activity of: catalase, peroxidase, lipase and ureasewith corresponding OD reading of 0.750, 2.05, 0.22 and 1.704 respectively. There were noticeable increases in the activity of ureaseandperoxidasewhilecatalaseandlipaseactivitywererelativelylowinthesampledsoil. Out of the 321g of the vegetable seedstested for viability, 45% representing 144.45g was used for the planting and further experiment. After three days of cultivation, germination process was recorded faster in the T. oleifera potted ridge while Amaranthus and Solanum sp seed took 3-4 day for break full dormancy. Determination of total chlorophyll a and b in the selected vegetables showed a correlative increase in chlorophyll a and b in soils contaminated with Zn, Cu and Fe in all the cultivated vegetables: T. oleifera, Amaranthus and Solanum sp, respectively. There are significant increase in total cholorphyl a (0.9mg/g) and b (0.8mg/g) contents from the results when compared with the control experiment as other soil contaminated with heavy metals such as: Pb, and As repressed the selected vegetables cultivated in the soil samples. However total chlorophyll a was seems lightly higher than cholophyl b in all the selected vegetable cultivated in soil. Analysis on the impact of heavy metals on the shootlength of the cultivated vegetables analysed for thirty-one days showed regressive increase in the shootlength of the cultivated vegetables as the period of harvest increases from 0-31 when compared with the control experiment. However Cd and As had the most estimated impact on the vegetables in all the cultivated soils and its impact progresses as the period of harvest increases. Dry matter weight contents of the cultivated vegetables cultivated in the polluted soils were analysed; also the same index was assessed in the vegetables from the unpolluted soils. There was a significant increase in the dry matter contents of the cultivated vegetables in soil polluted with Cu, Fe and Zn respectively. However, dry matter contents were seen progressively low in vegetables cultivated in soils polluted with Cd, As and Pb. When compared with the control experiment. The results from the present study have shown the vulnerability of agricultural soil and cultivated vegetables to effluent from industrial bias sources used for irrigation and its impact on agricultural productivity.
Abstract: The present study assessed the productivity of cultivated garden vegetable among other ecological assessments in soil samples impacted with heavy metals. Assay of soil enzyme responses showed the activity of: catalase, peroxidase, lipase and ureasewith corresponding OD reading of 0.750, 2.05, 0.22 and 1.704 respectively. There were noticeable incre...
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Research Article
Production and Optimization of Bioethanol from Mixed Banana and Papaya Peels Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Asab Alemneh Tadesse*
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, December 2024
Pages:
45-57
Received:
30 August 2024
Accepted:
18 September 2024
Published:
29 September 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajcbe.20240802.12
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Abstract: Mixed fruit peels (Banana (BP) and Papaya (PP) bioethanol was produced using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The proximate and compositional analysis of BP and PP was obtained about 6.67% moisture, 5.75% ash, 82.75% volatile matter, and 5% fixed carbon and 1.1gram, 38.1%, 15.7% and 45.1% extractives, hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose respectively from BP and 8.165% moisture, 5.5% ash, 81.25% volatile matter and 6% fixed carbon 2.08 gram, 42%, 8.6% and 47.32% extractives, hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose respectively from PP. After Pretreat with KOH (5% w/v) optimize hydrolysis process parameters based on central composite design (CCD) to maximize fermentable sugars. The optimized hydrolysis conditions were 50:50 w/v% mixing of BP and PP, 1.75% H2SO4, and pH 5. The reducing sugar content was measured by DNS and results 11.737g/ml from fifty (50) grams of BP and PP. The maximum yield of bioethanol was 22.5% recorded after 72 hours. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) peaks associated with O-H, C-O, and C-H stretching and vibrations confirmed the presence of bioethanol in the product. The result confirms that the combination of BP and PP boosts bioethanol productivity than single peels.
Abstract: Mixed fruit peels (Banana (BP) and Papaya (PP) bioethanol was produced using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The proximate and compositional analysis of BP and PP was obtained about 6.67% moisture, 5.75% ash, 82.75% volatile matter, and 5% fixed carbon and 1.1gram, 38.1%, 15.7% and 45.1% extractives, hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose respectively from...
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Review Article
Challenges, Opprtunities and Management of Faba Bean Chocolate Spot (Botrytis Fabae Sard.) Disease in Ethiopia: Review
Dinku Atnafu Anega*,
Zemed Wobale Berihane
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 2, December 2024
Pages:
58-67
Received:
7 November 2024
Accepted:
12 December 2024
Published:
30 December 2024
Abstract: Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a vital pulse crop globally, with significant importance in Ethiopia. However, its production is threatened by various biotic stresses, particularly chocolate spot disease caused by Botrytis fabae Sard., which is one of the most damaging and prevalent diseases in the country. This review aims to assess the opportunities and challenges related to the management of chocolate spot epidemics and to explore the resistance potential of faba bean cultivars in Ethiopia. Chocolate spot disease can cause substantial yield losses, ranging from 34% to 67%, and its severity is influenced by cultivar susceptibility, environmental conditions, and agronomic practices. The disease's incidence varies across districts, years, growth stages, and climatic conditions, with more severe outbreaks occurring under favorable conditions such as high humidity and moderate temperatures. The disease tends to exacerbate as the plant progresses through its growth stages, especially when inoculum accumulation and its timing in relation to crop development align with conducive weather conditions. Key epidemiological components in the resistance of faba beans to chocolate spot include infection efficiency, the extent of visible symptoms, and the latent period of the pathogen. Effective management of this disease is crucial for maintaining faba bean production, and several strategies can help mitigate its impact. Late sowing, mixed cropping with cereal crops, the application of fungicides, and crop rotation have been identified as effective practices for reducing disease incidence and enhancing grain yield. Furthermore, an Integrated Disease Management (IDM) approach, combining these methods, provides a comprehensive solution to control chocolate spot and reduce its severity. This review underscores the importance of integrating multiple disease management strategies to safeguard faba bean production in Ethiopia, ensuring sustainable cultivation of this critical crop.
Abstract: Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a vital pulse crop globally, with significant importance in Ethiopia. However, its production is threatened by various biotic stresses, particularly chocolate spot disease caused by Botrytis fabae Sard., which is one of the most damaging and prevalent diseases in the country. This review aims to assess the opportunities...
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